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From Credit Score to AI Score

From Credit Score to AI Score

TLDR

As the AI Score may become a key metric, professionalism in AI interactions will be crucial. Just as social media posts can impact one’s reputation, how individuals use AI—such as the tone, accuracy, and ethical considerations in their queries—may influence their AI Score. To succeed in an AI-driven future, we must approach these tools with responsibility, ensuring that every interaction reflects our expertise and integrity.

The Irreplaceable Role of Technology in Modern Life

Technology adoption has always followed a pattern of initial skepticism, widespread dependence, and eventual indispensability. Consider GPS: once a luxury, it has become a necessity for navigation, rendering traditional maps nearly obsolete. Similarly, smartphones started as communication devices but are now essential hubs for personal, professional, and social activities. AI is following the same trajectory, rapidly evolving from a niche tool to a cornerstone of work and life. In the future, much like we rely on GPS to drive or smartphones to connect, AI will become a fundamental requirement for professional productivity and decision-making.

The Evolution of Personal Scores

  1. Credit Score: Historically, personal assessment metrics began with financial health. Credit scores became critical for accessing loans, mortgages, and even certain jobs.
  2. Social Score: In some regions, like China, social credit systems expanded personal metrics to include behavior, trustworthiness, and social engagement, signaling how society values broader traits beyond financial reliability.

The Emergence of the AI Score

The future will belong to individuals who can effectively operate, collaborate with, and leverage AI. An AI Score could become the definitive metric for employability and career advancement. Here’s why:

  • AI Proficiency as a Core Skill: Just as computer literacy became a prerequisite in the digital age, AI literacy will be essential. The AI Score would measure one’s ability to use AI tools efficiently, creatively, and responsibly.
  • Dynamic Evaluation: Unlike static scores, an AI Score could evolve dynamically, reflecting continuous learning and adaptation as AI systems advance.
  • Implications for Employment: Employers could use AI Scores to assess candidates’ readiness for an AI-driven workplace. It would shift the focus from traditional qualifications to practical AI aptitude, making it a critical differentiator in a competitive job market.

Here’s an example

Strong AI Operators: The Workforce of the Future

As AI permeates every industry, the most valuable workers won’t just be those who understand their field but those who can integrate AI into their workflow to drive innovation and efficiency. These “strong AI operators” will:

  • Make better decisions with AI-generated insights.
  • Design and implement AI-driven processes.
  • Collaborate seamlessly with AI systems to solve complex problems.

Potential Challenges and Considerations

  • Bias and Accessibility: Ensuring the AI Score is fair and accessible to all will be vital to prevent inequality.
  • Over-Reliance on Metrics: While valuable, the AI Score must not oversimplify talent or reduce people to numbers.
  • Ethical Implications: Transparent criteria and ethical usage of the AI Score are crucial to prevent misuse.

How the Narratives Will Shift During This Bull Cycle – 2025

How the Narratives Will Shift During This Bull Cycle – 2025

TLDR: How the Crypto Narratives order might play out

  • Early-Cycle: Institutional adoption → Layer-2 scaling.
  • Mid-Cycle: RWA tokenization → DeFi renaissance.
  • Late-Cycle: AI integration → Meme coins comeback → Gaming/Metaverse → Privacy.
  • Shifting Focus: The narrative order shifts from infrastructure and adoption to speculation and hype, as early-stage trends mature and new speculative trends take hold.

Each bull cycle has its own rhythm, and understanding the order in which narratives emerge helps investors and enthusiasts better position themselves for success. Whether it’s the infrastructural advancements of Layer-2s or the speculative highs of meme coins, knowing when to focus on each narrative can make a significant difference.

Emerging Narratives in the Next Crypto Bull Cycle: The Order of Events and Key Trends

As the cryptocurrency market braces for its next bull cycle, investors and enthusiasts are eager to identify which narratives will dominate the landscape. The last few bull runs saw a variety of trends, from the rise of Bitcoin ETFs to the explosion of decentralized finance (DeFi) protocols. But what’s next? What trends and narratives will capture the imagination of the market in the upcoming cycle?

Understanding the order in which these narratives emerge and evolve is crucial for anticipating where market capital may flow. Each phase of the bull cycle typically experiences a distinct shift in focus—from foundational infrastructure and institutional adoption to more speculative, high-risk trends driven by retail investors. Below is a deep dive into the most likely narratives to shape the next crypto bull cycle, explaining how and why the order is likely to shift over time.

1. Institutional Adoption of Crypto

The first and most critical narrative to shape the early stages of a bull market is institutional adoption. As major financial players—such as banks, hedge funds, and large asset managers—start to integrate crypto into their portfolios, confidence in the market grows. Institutional adoption signals that cryptocurrency is not just a speculative asset but a legitimate part of the global financial system.

In this early stage, we will likely see developments such as:

  • Approval of Bitcoin and Ethereum ETFs by regulatory bodies like the SEC.
  • Increased allocations in crypto by institutional investors such as BlackRock, Fidelity, and MicroStrategy.
  • More corporate treasury strategies incorporating digital assets.

Once institutional money flows in, the market has the liquidity and backing to support further development.

=======> As of today, we are currently more or less at this stage <=======

2. Layer-2 Ecosystems and Scaling Solutions

Once institutional adoption gains momentum, the next narrative that emerges is the need for scalability—a natural progression in a growing market. Ethereum’s soaring gas fees during the last bull run exposed the limitations of existing blockchain infrastructures. Layer-2 solutions (like Arbitrum, Optimism, and zk-Rollups) have quickly gained traction as solutions to these problems, offering faster, cheaper transactions without sacrificing security.

In the early to mid-bull cycle, as transaction volumes increase, Layer-2 solutions will become a focal point. This is critical for:

  • Enabling mass adoption by reducing costs and improving efficiency.
  • Driving decentralized applications (dApps), including DeFi and NFTs, to new heights by making them more accessible to users.

Layer-2 ecosystems are thus positioned to fuel the next phase of growth in the crypto space, facilitating broader use cases for crypto products and services.

3. Real-World Asset (RWA) Tokenization

As the infrastructure for crypto grows, the next trend will be Real-World Asset (RWA) Tokenization. Tokenizing traditional assets—such as real estate, stocks, and bonds—onto the blockchain will revolutionize how assets are traded and transferred. This bridges the world of traditional finance and crypto, potentially bringing trillions of dollars worth of value into the crypto ecosystem.

In this phase, we can expect:

  • Institutional players such as banks and asset managers working with tokenized assets.
  • The rise of regulated tokenization platforms offering real-world asset-backed cryptocurrencies.
  • Legal and regulatory clarity emerging around tokenizing real estate, securities, and other traditional assets.

This mid-cycle narrative offers a more stable, real-world application for crypto, attracting large-scale institutional investors who are more likely to adopt tokenized assets for their portfolios. It will serve as a bridge to broader acceptance and adoption of crypto beyond speculative markets.

4. Decentralized Finance (DeFi) Renaissance

After the rise of institutional adoption and tokenized real-world assets, the DeFi renaissance will dominate. Decentralized finance has already proven to be one of the most disruptive forces in the crypto world, and in the next cycle, DeFi 2.0 will likely emerge, with new protocols and financial products that continue to innovate on the original DeFi vision.

This narrative will see:

  • New decentralized exchanges (DEXs) and lending protocols, such as Aave, Uniswap, and Curve.
  • Synthetic assets and derivatives becoming more mainstream (ENA).
  • The rise of decentralized stablecoins, yielding platforms, and innovative yield farming mechanisms.

The maturation of DeFi will provide a major value proposition for the crypto market, offering real-world financial tools that can be used globally. As the market continues to mature, decentralized finance becomes an essential narrative for retail investors and institutional players alike.

5. AI and Crypto Integration

By the late stages of a bull market, AI and crypto integration will emerge as an exciting narrative. This could take various forms, from AI-powered NFTs to decentralized AI platforms that allow anyone to leverage blockchain for machine learning and artificial intelligence tasks.

The excitement around AI has grown rapidly, and as the bull cycle matures, the market will likely start experimenting with:

  • Decentralized AI services built on blockchain, allowing users to monetize their computing power.
  • AI-driven NFT projects that offer dynamic, evolving digital assets.
  • Projects like SingularityNET and Fetch.ai that integrate AI with blockchain for decentralized autonomous systems.

This late-cycle narrative tends to be more speculative, driven by the desire to invest in the next big thing. AI in crypto is exciting and futuristic but remains a niche use case for now, even if it gains considerable attention during the peak of a bull cycle.

6. Meme Coins and Community-Driven Tokens

It’s hard to imagine a crypto bull cycle without the return of meme coins like Dogecoin, Shiba Inu, and other community-driven tokens. Though meme coins initially exploded in popularity at the start of this bull cycle, they are likely to experience a comeback toward the end again.

Meme coins often thrive in the final speculative push, where retail investors become highly active in the market. As the bull cycle matures, meme coins will see:

  • Increased speculation and price surges driven by social media hype and community efforts.
  • A final retail rally that pushes prices higher in the latter stages of the bull cycle.

Meme coins have always been a part of the narrative when market sentiment is exuberant, and in the final stages of the bull cycle, they provide retail investors with a high-risk, high-reward opportunity.

7. Gaming and Metaverse Comeback

Gaming and the metaverse have already seen hype waves in previous cycles, but the comeback of this trend will likely occur toward the mid-to-late stages of the next bull market. Expect more polished, user-friendly gaming experiences that integrate blockchain for in-game economies, NFTs, and cross-platform interoperability.

The metaverse will continue to evolve as a concept, with:

  • New gaming ecosystems leveraging blockchain technology to allow players to earn and trade digital assets.
  • A resurgence in virtual worlds, where players can buy, sell, and trade land, digital goods, and NFTs.

The gaming and metaverse sectors will gain traction when better user experiences emerge and market interest in speculative trends wanes.

8. Privacy and Decentralization Narratives

As the market matures, privacy coins and tools that support decentralization will become increasingly important. This narrative is likely to come to the forefront in the later stages of the bull cycle, when there are concerns about regulation and surveillance.

Privacy projects like Monero, Zcash, and Tornado Cash will rise in importance as users demand greater sovereignty over their data and transactions. These tools will become central to the decentralization ethos that crypto is built on, especially when the market reaches its peak.

However, with the new administration in place, that trend might not be of concern.

Risks to Consider in the Next Crypto Bull Cycle

While the emerging narratives in the upcoming bull cycle present tremendous opportunities, they are not without significant risks. These risks are tied to both the inherent volatility of the crypto market and the evolving nature of these trends.

  • Regulatory Uncertainty: As institutional adoption and RWA tokenization gain traction, they will attract greater regulatory scrutiny. Governments around the world are still figuring out how to regulate digital assets, and new regulations could stifle growth or create compliance burdens for projects and investors.
  • Technological Risks: The evolution of Layer-2 scaling solutions, AI integration, and decentralized finance (DeFi) depends heavily on technological progress. Issues such as security vulnerabilities, network congestion, and protocol failures could derail adoption or lead to substantial financial losses.
  • Speculative Bubbles: Meme coins, AI-powered projects, and gaming/metaverse narratives are particularly vulnerable to market speculation. These sectors can quickly experience parabolic price increases driven by hype, only to crash when market sentiment shifts. The final speculative rally can be especially risky, as retail investors may get swept up in the excitement without understanding the underlying value.
  • Market Saturation: As more players enter the crypto space, the risk of market saturation increases, particularly in areas like DeFi, NFT marketplaces, and tokenized assets. Too many projects competing for attention may lead to overcrowded sectors, making it harder for any one project to dominate and reducing potential returns.
  • Adoption Delays: While many of these narratives show immense promise, mass adoption is often slower than anticipated. Blockchain technologies can face significant hurdles related to user experience, network adoption, and education. Delays in the widespread use of DeFi or the tokenization of RWAs could slow down the overall market growth.

Investors should be cautious and conduct thorough due diligence as they navigate these trends. While the rewards can be substantial, the risks are equally high, and the market’s volatility demands a careful and strategic approach to capital allocation.

Lastly, this bull run will be like a game of musical chairs. Don’t hesitate to take profits—others might not, and you could find yourself holding the bags.

2024/2025 crypto bull run – Is Ethereum in the race?

2024/2025 crypto bull run – Is Ethereum in the race?

The crypto bull run is gaining momentum, with all eyes on Bitcoin. However, memecoins are stealing attention, boosting the Solana ecosystem. Memecoins are popular for onboarding new users, as they promise quick or life-changing gains. The thrill of trading them feels like a casino rush, driving their appeal.

Traditionally, bull runs start with money flowing into Bitcoin, then large-cap altcoins, small caps, and finally memecoins and NFTs. This time, it’s different. The run began with Bitcoin, followed by a mix of last cycle’s large caps (Algorand, XRP, Cardano) and memecoins.

While the Base ecosystem seemed ready to lead the memecoin mania, Solana overtook it with the success of PumpFun.

Many crypto “influencers” are even speculating that a utility coin-driven bull run might not materialize this cycle, casting doubt on Ethereum’s potential for significant gains. As we know, smart money often accumulates undervalued or less visible coins with strong narratives and high success potential. Whenever a coin is being shilled on twitter or Youtube, it’s very important to do an extensive research and assess if it’s too late to get in.

Comparing Ethereum and Solana

Let’s compare Ethereum and Solana ecosystems to understand wether Ethereum is underperforming:

As of 20 November 2024

PriceFDVVolume (24h)Circulating supplyTVL
Ethereum3100$373b28b120M59b
Solana234$111b6.9b474M8b

We can see that Solana has approximately four times more tokens in circulation than Ethereum. If Solana had four times fewer tokens in circulation to match Ethereum’s supply, its price could be closer to $1,000 (474/120×234=924$). When considering the supply factor, we can see that Ethereum is around 3 times more expensive than Solana (3100 vs 924).

Let’s see if Ethereum’s performance justifies being 3 times more expensive than Solana.

Performance comparison

Latest revenuHighest revenuTransactions
EthereumAround 3M per dayAround 203M per day (2022)Around 1M per day
SolanaAround 5M per dayAround 5.5M per day (2024)Around 51M per day

If we compare the total value locked, we can see that it is 7 times higher on Ethereum than on Solana. This suggests that Ethereum is viewed as a more trusted chain, where institutions prefer to park assets with fewer transactions but larger amounts. The total value locked will increase rapidly as Ethereum gains in value.

The number of transactions on Solana is currently 51 times higher than Ethereum, however the revenue is only around 2 times higher (As of 20 november 2024 – with all the memecoin mania). While this cements Solana as a leader in transaction throughput, we can view this differently as it takes much more effort on Solana to produce the same revenue. We are also not taking into account all the bundled transactions that are validated on Ethereum through the different Layer2 solutions.

Another factor to consider is that Ethereum set a record revenue of $203 million in a single day in 2022, according to DeFiLlama. While this level of revenue may not be repeated anytime soon—especially with the Dencun upgrade and fee adjustments—it sets a significant milestone for Ethereum’s potential compared to Solana.

Memecoin mania

The memecoin mania will likely shift to other blockchains, particularly Ethereum L2s, as they attract fresh users with lower fees and faster transactions. However, this hype will probably fade toward the end of the bull run. Solana will face significant competition for memecoins in the short term and will need to pivot to new narratives, such as AI, to maintain its performance edge. While it’s likely that the memecoin craze will end with many investors losing money and realizing they were shilled on, the overall hype will eventually subside. This gives a direct strategic advantage to Ethereum.

Both Ethereum and Solana are strong projects that are likely to perform well during the bull run. However, it’s important to understand that the capital flowing into crypto can’t chase all projects at once. Money will rotate between different projects, selecting winners and losers, and shifting narratives multiple times along the way. Investors will aim to profit from the highs and lows of each rotation, ultimately exiting when the bull market begins to fade.

This is why it’s crucial not to fall for narratives or become emotionally attached to a project. Conducting your own research is essential to understand why certain narratives are being pushed and fed to you daily, often obscuring other potential opportunities.

Real world Assets (RWAs) – The new narrative

Real world Assets (RWAs) – The new narrative

Real World Assets are physical assets, like real estate, commodities, shares, and artwork, that are represented digitally on a blockchain. By converting these assets into digital tokens, investors can buy, sell, and trade smaller portions. This makes previously exclusive asset classes more accessible. This model of fractional ownership broadens access to high-value assets, enabling individuals to invest in items that would typically necessitate significant capital, which in turn enhances investment opportunities.

Tokenized real-world assets (RWAs) offer several significant benefits, such as enhanced liquidity, increased efficiency, and improved transparency. Traditional assets often suffer from illiquidity, making cash conversion challenging. However, tokenization allows these assets to be traded on digital platforms, facilitating quicker and more accessible transactions. The use of blockchain technology provides clear record-keeping and automates processes with smart contracts. It reduces the dependence on intermediaries, cuts costs, and fosters trust. Furthermore, RWAs create new opportunities for diversifying portfolios, giving investors options to allocate risk beyond conventional stocks and bonds.

Despite these benefits, RWAs come with challenges, including regulatory hurdles, valuation difficulties, and security concerns. Different jurisdictions regulate tokenized assets in various ways, creating compliance complexity, and accurately pricing RWAs remains tricky due to their real-world dependencies. Nonetheless, RWAs have the potential to reshape finance, merging traditional and digital markets, increasing global market access, and providing blockchain with practical, real-world applications that could revolutionize investment practices.

We will look at 3 different projects in the space.

Ondo finance

Ondo Finance is a DeFi platform that bridges traditional finance with blockchain by offering tokenized versions of real-world assets, such as U.S. Treasury bills and corporate bonds. This allows investors to access stable, yield-generating financial products within the crypto ecosystem, providing lower-risk, fixed-income opportunities compared to typical DeFi products. By tokenizing these assets and managing them with smart contracts, Ondo enhances accessibility, transparency, and efficiency for both retail and institutional investors, aiming to create a compliant, stable link between conventional finance and decentralized markets.

Ondo is deployed on several blockchain such as Mantle and Ethereum. The treasury bills native tokens (USDY and OUSG) can be bridged from one chain to another and used in DEFI to earn an additional yield.

Mantra

While Ondo’s goal is to tokenize real world assets into tokens, Mantra offers a layer1 solution customized for RWAs. Its goal is to simplify the adherence to regulatory requirements. Mantra is built using the Cosmos sdk and offers ready made modules that developers can build on or leverage such as a compliance ID which offers a single solution for all Mantra Apps for KYC solutions.

Mantra integrated Ondo‘s USDY token and offers it as a genesis asset throughout the blockchain.

Anzen

Anzen Finance specialize in real-world lending, focusing on integrating real-world assets (RWAs) into the DeFi ecosystem. Its goal is to provide stable, yield-generating opportunities. By connecting blockchain-based lending with traditional financial instruments, like loans backed by U.S. Treasury bills or other secure assets, Anzen aims to offer a safer, more predictable alternative to typical crypto-based lending platforms. Any user can provide liquidity to Anzen which will be used to power real world secured loans. Anzen partnered with Ondo by backing part of its reserve with tokenized security deposits backed by Ondo’s token.

Anzen offer a stable coin USDz on several chains (Ethereum, Arbitrum, base, etc…) that is backed by real loans and other financial assets. USDz can be staked to earn around 15% yield. Anzen also offers different strategic vaults and earn additionnal yields by locking your coins for a period of time.

Anzen has presently an airdrop opportunity. All you have to do is hold USDz to start accumulating points. You can buy it directly from Anzen or swap into it on any dex like jumper. If you use your USDz in DEFI on platforms like Aerodrome or Ionic, you can earn a multiplier on your liquidity.

Do not forget to do an extensive research before diving in, because holding USDz comes with risks. USDz can unpeg from real USD if any of the underlying loans has some default. Using USDz on DEFI platforms adds another layer of smart contract risk, impermanent loss, etc…

Bitcoin staking, defi and L2s

Bitcoin staking, defi and L2s

In 2024, numerous liquid restaking protocols emerged within the Ethereum ecosystem, allowing users to leverage their staked Ethereum as capital to support new proof of stake networks. There is now a growing interest in exploring methods to stake bitcoin as well. A lot of techniques are being developed to make the idle bitcoin “liquid” without having to alienate them in complex financial assets.

We will go over the latest projects in the bitcoin ecosystem. We’ll explore the latest advancements in this field and assess their benefits, drawbacks and risks.

Wrapped BTC

Bitcoin’s lack of smart contract support led to the initial idea of encapsulating Bitcoin in another token on Ethereum. This token maintains a 1:1 peg to Bitcoin’s value. It is tradable across various decentralized exchanges and can be utilized in Ethereum’s decentralized finance ecosystem. Users have the option to redeem the token for BTC at any time.

Custodial projects like cbBTC function similarly to USDT or USDC. Wrapped Bitcoin is held in custody by entities such as Coinbase. These companies are responsible for issuing and burning the wrapped tokens. They ensure that the amount of wrapped Bitcoin on chains like Ethereum corresponds 1:1 to the Bitcoin held in reserve. This model relies on on-chain proof of reserves for transparency, confirming the existence of the underlying Bitcoin.

WBTC is one of the first and largest examples. It has a market cap of around $10 billion, compared to cbBTC’s $0.5 billion market cap. However, custodial wrapped Bitcoin introduces certain risks. It includes smart contract vulnerabilities, potential insolvency of the custodial entity, and the risk of de-pegging if reserves become insufficient.

As blockchain is often synonymous to decentralization, new technologies have emerged to decentralize the storage of the wrapped Bitcoin. In the context of wrapped Bitcoin (WBTC), there have been attempts to decentralize the storage and issuance process. Newer technologies and protocols are emerging to address this centralization, aiming for more decentralized control over the Bitcoin collateral used in wrapped tokens.

Decentralized wrapped BTC

  • tBTC: A decentralized protocol where Bitcoin is locked in a trustless manner, using multiple signers to manage Bitcoin collateral without a centralized custodian.
  • renBTC: It allows users to mint wrapped Bitcoin on Ethereum through a decentralized network of nodes.

These systems aim to remove the reliance on a single centralized custodian by distributing the responsibility of managing Bitcoin reserves. However, decentralization in this space is still evolving and is not as widespread as centralized models like WBTC. Therefore, while decentralization efforts exist, custodial wrapped Bitcoin still dominates the space.

Babylon

Babylon allows users to stake their bitcoin to secure other chains while keeping them on bitcoin’s chain under their full custody. However, they have to provide a slashing guarantee. Whenever a malicious activity occurs, a slashing can be triggered. Babylon uses Bitcoin in self-custodial vaults for staking, and slashing penalties apply when misbehavior like double-signing occurs. If you double-sign, the network can extract your private key via Extractable One-Time Signatures (OTS), proving the violation and triggering a slashing event. Babylon likely does not penalize validators for simply going offline, as its focus is on preventing provable malicious behavior.

It is important to note that the private key exposed is the key of the validator (finality provider). It is only possible to expose the key when the validator tries to double spend by signing the same block twice at the same height. A regular user will usually delegate the validation process to a finality provider and not himself. This exposes him to slashing only, without exposing his private key and compromising his other assets. The finality provider has to be vigilant about the assets present in its account and refrain from using the same keys for validating many POS. So users can reduce their risk by not signing blocks for securing any PoS.

Risks

Since Bitcoin does support smart contracts, the design of Babylon is limited to cryptography and Bitcoin’s timestamping and scripting language. This limitation increases the risks of malfunctions and reduces the flexibility of the protocol, which uses drastic techniques such as private key exposure to ensure slashing guarantees.

Babylon is in its beginnings and the risks are real. Even if you are planning on delegating your votes, make sure to use a newly created wallet with the amount of Bitcoin you’re ready to stake and that no other BRC20 tokens are present.

Here’s a good article that explains how Babylon works. We can view Babylon as a native staked protocol for Bitcoin.

Lombard LST

You may have heard of protocols like Lombard and solvBTC, which offer Liquid Staked Bitcoin (LSBTC) solutions. These protocols issue their own liquid staking tokens, such as LBTC (from Lombard), representing Bitcoin staked via the Babylon protocol. The key benefit of holding an liquid staked Bitcoin like LBTC is that it allows users to continue earning staking rewards without locking up their Bitcoin. This token can be used in decentralized finance (DeFi) platforms to generate additional yield or swapped for other assets.

When you deposit Bitcoin into a protocol like Lombard, it stakes that Bitcoin through Babylon. In return, you receive a proof of deposit. This proof is then used to mint the LBTC token on the Ethereum network via a smart contract. However, while LBTC offers flexibility and yield opportunities, it carries certain risks. Users are still subject to the same slashing risks associated with Babylon’s staking mechanism. Additionally, there are smart contract risks involved in issuing and burning LBTC on Ethereum. as well as potential de-pegging risks.

These additional risks highlight the need for careful consideration when engaging with liquid staking protocols.

SolvBTC LST

SolvBTC is similar to Lombard with the main difference that it has a Staking Abstraction Layer that is designed to support different staking protocols such as Babylon, CoreDAO, Ethena etc… This makes it more robust since it does not depend on a single protocol like Babylon, but it adds a complexity. SolvBTC is also available on many L2s and different chains such as BNB and Avax.

Bitcoin LRT & DEFI

New protocols and DeFi platforms are evolving to offer users the ability to re-stake liquid staked Bitcoin (LSBTC). This enables them to secure additional blockchain networks while earning even more rewards. This process, called liquid restaking, allows the LSBTC—tokens like LBTC or solvBTC—to be staked again on other chains or DeFi platforms. By doing this, users can simultaneously participate in securing multiple protocols and earn additional yield from each network.

For example, a user might stake their LSBTC in a DeFi protocol that offers additional rewards for providing liquidity or securing another layer of blockchain infrastructure. This could include cross-chain staking, where a single LSBTC can help validate transactions on Ethereum, Cosmos, etc. The restaked LSBTC creates a compounding effect where users are not only benefiting from the underlying Bitcoin’s yield but also from the staking rewards and incentives provided by the additional protocols. Some platforms even provide a liquid version of the restaked token that can be further used in DEFI compounding the yield.

However, with re-staking comes the potential for additional risks, including cross-chain security vulnerabilities, increased exposure to slashing, and liquidity risks, as multiple chains rely on the same staked asset for security.For example, we can restake them in symbiotic, karak or ether.fi to earn a further yield.

Ether.fi

An example of liquid staking and restaking is eBTC offered by EtherFi, which integrates with Lombard and Babylon for Bitcoin staking. Through partnerships like Symbiotic, EtherFi allows users to restake eBTC for additional rewards while still earning staking yields. The eBTC token remains liquid and can be utilized in DeFi protocols, offering flexibility while combining both staking and restaking opportunities.

Other restaking platforms include Swell’s swbtc, eigenlayer and karak.

pStake

pSTAKE is focused on liquid staking for Bitcoin, where users can stake BTC and receive a liquid staked token (such as yBTC) in return. This allows them to earn rewards via Babylon’s security-sharing protocol while keeping liquidity. It enables users to utilize their staked Bitcoin in decentralized finance (DeFi) without locking it up fully, providing yield opportunities while securing PoS chains

Fractal

Fractal Bitcoin is a Bitcoin sidechain aimed at improving Bitcoin’s scalability while retaining its core proof-of-work (PoW) consensus. It introduces Cadence Mining, a mechanism that alternates between independent block mining and merged mining with Bitcoin to enhance security and efficiency. Fractal also supports BRC-20 tokens, enabling token creation and trading, similar to Ethereum’s ERC-20 standard. Additionally, it re-enables the OP_CAT opcode, providing limited smart contract capabilities. The network focuses on faster transactions and reduced fees.

Bitcoin Layer2

Bitcoin Layer 2 solutions, such as the Lightning Network, Stacks, and Liquid Network, aim to enhance Bitcoin’s scalability, speed, and functionality. They enable faster and cheaper transactions by moving processes off-chain while still benefiting from Bitcoin’s security. These solutions also allow for new use cases, like smart contracts and decentralized finance (DeFi), making Bitcoin more versatile.

Some of the newer Bitcoin L2s are B2, CoreDAO, CoreDAO, BOB, merlin, fuel.

Bitcoin native bridges

A key development in Bitcoin’s cross-chain space is the introduction of decentralized native Bitcoin bridges. Symbiosis recently launched a decentralized bridge that allows users to transfer and swap Bitcoin between different blockchains. Unlike traditional wrapped Bitcoin solutions, Symbiosis’ bridge uses native Bitcoin rather than tokenized representations. This provides a more seamless and decentralized process for users to move Bitcoin across ecosystems.

The bridge leverages smart contracts and a non-custodial architecture, enhancing security while maintaining decentralization. It also supports low-cost swaps and bridging for small amounts of Bitcoin. This addresses challenges like high fees and slow transaction times. This native bridge can also integrate with protocols that restake Bitcoin for additional yield, making it a versatile tool for decentralized finance.

Other bridges in the ecosystem provide similar services, with varying degrees of decentralization. For instance, projects like ThorChain have long offered decentralized swapping for Bitcoin, but Symbiosis distinguishes itself by supporting a broader range of chains and focusing on the native asset rather than wrapped tokens. These innovations mark a significant shift towards making Bitcoin more compatible with DeFi and other blockchain applications.